Ancient Egyptians did not see a separation between magic, religion, and medicine, believing in a divine cosmic force called Heka that could be used for both protection and destruction through ritual, spells, and writing. Scribes used hieroglyphs with inherent magical power to manifest offerings in the afterlife and protect against evil. Practitioners, often priests and wise women, used amulets, healing stelae, and symbolic objects to invoke Heka and achieve their goals.Â