Aristotle’s theory of causality

Aristotle’s theory of causality involves four types of causes that explain why things happen or exist in the way they do. These are:

1. Material Cause

• This is the physical substance or material from which something is made. It addresses the question: What is it made of?
• Example: The material cause of a statue is the marble or bronze from which it is carved.

2. Formal Cause

• This refers to the design, structure, or pattern of a thing. It answers the question: What is its form or essence?
• Example: The formal cause of a statue is the shape or the concept of the statue as envisioned by the sculptor (e.g., the form of a human figure).

3. Efficient Cause

• This is the agent or process that brings something into being. It answers the question: Who or what caused it to come into being?
• Example: The efficient cause of the statue is the sculptor, the one who carves and shapes the material.

4. Final Cause

• This refers to the purpose, goal, or end for which something exists. It addresses the question: Why does it exist? What is its purpose?
• Example: The final cause of the statue might be to commemorate an important person or event, or simply for artistic enjoyment.

These four causes together offer a comprehensive explanation of why something exists or happens. Aristotle argued that to fully understand a phenomenon, one must consider all four causes.